Range. Widely distributed on all continents. In Myanmar, grows naturally in hot zone, in townships such as Pakokku, Myin-kyan, Pyay, Shwe-bo, Sagaing, Myaing, Nwa-hto-gyi, and Taungthar. Can also be found in some of the semi-desert dry and scrubby areas of Upper Myanmar.

Uses
Bark: Used as a medication for biliousness.

Leaf: Considered to be carmina­tive. Used in treating epilepsy. Patients bathed in water the leaves have been boiled in and this is followed up by inducing a sweat. Leaves dried and made into a powder used to cure edema, sores and other diseases.

Fruit: Considered to be stomachic. Used in making medicine for neutralizing poisons, strength-giving tonics, and high fevers.

Root: Used in laxatives and medicines to induce sweating. Used as a purgative. Paste made of root, along with tumeric, used to treat female related disorders. Paste with salt used for tired sore muscles. Paste, together with water in which betle (Piper betle) leaves have been soaked, given to children with bronchitis. Licking 3 ticals (c. 30 g) of root powder mixed with sugar and honey used to neutralize toxins in the stomach. Taking 5 pei (1/16th tical) each of the root and pan-nu (Hemistrepta lyratat or Saussurea affinis) used to neutralize the venom of snakebites.

Fruit: Tonic.

DeFilipps, Robert A.; Krupnick, Gary A. / PhytoKeys, v. 102. - - p. 1 - 314,  2018.